Discuss the development of garvey's UNIA.what were the factors that Essay

Talk about the improvement of garvey's UNIA.what were the components that made Garvey build up his organisationwhat job did topography - Essay Example He drenched himself into books as he continued looking for more information to supplement what he had picked up from primary school. Marcus Garvey’s journey for information saw him travel generally in the Caribbean, Latin America and in the end he arrived in London England. His training gave him a bit of leeway over others of African drop for he had the option to make sure about work in places where he visited. His situation at various paper distributing organizations gave him a knowledge into the common conditions and conditions under which individuals of African plummet were encountering. It is through his cooperation with the outside world that Marcus Garvey got keen on supporting for minority human rights particularly for those of African plummet. The point of this paper is to address questions planned for lighting up the job that Marcus Garvey played in the advancement of Pan-Africanism. Marcus Garvey’s abuses in the diaspora saw him go to the Birkbeck College in L ondon where he considered law and theory. His wide voyages profited Marcus Garvey the chance to collaborate with a wide scope of individuals from various financial and social foundations. This experience allowed him to know and comprehend diverse people’s assessments and impression of the African race according to their lives. He had the option to understand that there was wide spread victimization people of African drop even in the minority races. During his stay in London, he worked for a paper called the African Times and Orient Review that was distributed by Duse Mohamed Ali who is professed to have had huge impact on Marcus Garvey. His craving to address the persecuted and decreased situation of individuals of African drop in the public eye saw him here and there address open get-togethers in London. Marcus’ talks are said to have been incredibly affected by Booker T. Washington, Henry McNeal and Martin Delany who pushed for minority groups’ equivalent port rayal in the public arena. It is exceptionally plausible that Duse Mohammed’s Islamic standards assumed a basic job in affecting Marcus to frame the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). UNIA was first settled in quite a while home nation Jamaica in 1914 under the adage ‘One God, One Aim, One Destiny’. The variables that prompted the arrangement of UNIA by Marcus Garvey depended on a definitive objective of making sure about monetary, social and political opportunity for all individuals of African drop on the planet outside and inside Africa. Marcus saw the requirement for an assembled gathering through which people from minority gatherings could use to advocate for their privileges and opportunities. In 1921, Marcus Garvey had the option to earn support from the vast majority of the little African relationship in a National meeting. This reinforced his UNIA association, which saw its enrollment swell to somewhere in the range of 60 and 70 thousand indi viduals. This union empowered him to increase a more extensive intrigue and crowd through portrayal by the various gatherings that UNIA had absorbed, and thus encouraging its plan. His movement to the United States of America encouraged UNIA’s aspiration on the grounds that the real factors of African-American abuse and segregation were more articulated than in Europe. This was especially in London where he had a direct encounter of treatment and view of individuals of African plunge got from the whites. Marcus’ encounters in US provoked him to propel his organization’

Effects of Equality in “Harrison Bergeron”

Kyle Chandler Professor T. Payne English 1102 4 February 2013 Effects of correspondence in â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† â€Å"Harrison Bergeron,† composed by Kurt Vonnegut centers around the possibility of physical and mental fairness, which is constrained by the administration in the year 2081; the solid are compelled to wear handicaps which thwart their capacities, the scholarly are compelled to be unintelligent because of a radio transmitter that won’t permit the person to think. Vonnegut utilizes humorous tone and places this story later on, to show how add up to equity would not work.Not just totals uniformity sound silly it expels the capacity for people to appear as something else. Singularity implies having a quality that isolates one individual from another. This implies by having complete correspondence, there is lost uniqueness. In Kurt Vonnegut’s story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, Vonnegut’s mocking, tragic culture in which everybody is normal, presents that disables that comprise balance additionally takes out independence, alongside self-esteem. All through â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† each citizen is equivalent. With the utilization of debilitations no individual can be better than expected mind, quality or even appeal.Vonnegut utilizes word decision that advances this general public is a parody creation right off the bat in the story. â€Å"The Year Was 2081, and everyone was at last equal† (Vonnegut 7). By tossing in the descriptive word ‘finally’, Vonnegut asserts that it ought to have happened sooner, yet supposedly on it becomes evident that nothing is appealing about all out fairness. He opens the subsequent section by presenting the two principle characters, George and Hazel. Vonnegut likewise advances his parody when the fundamental characters continue misplacing thought process because of the way that George has an impediment that shields him from speculation to an extreme and Haz el is of normal insight. There were tears on Hazel’s cheeks, however she’d overlooked for the second what they were about† (Vonnegut 7). Being able to cry and afterward done recollecting the thinking for it isn't just underneath normal knowledge, yet in addition obtuse. By indicating that the Hazel doesn't have the knowledge to recall something that carries enough feeling to create tears, Vonnegut presents how these impediment couldn't in any way, shape or form be an improvement to the future in light of the fact that to be really equivalent you must be equivalent to the least insightful, least solid, and least attractive.He likewise utilizes a ridiculing tone when alluding to George’s child Harrison. In the story George begins to think â€Å"about his irregular child who [is] in jail† yet can't consider it long because of the psychological impairment (9). The creator utilizes the word ‘abnormal’ satirically on the grounds that Harrison â€Å"is a virtuoso and an athlete† and route better than expected in each manner(10). The utilization of parody in Vonnegut’s story advances that debilitations dispense with distinction by making each character the equivalent. By making all out uniformity in this general public, it nullifies the self-esteem of the individuals.People increase self-esteem by having a quality about them that makes them better than others, regardless of whether it is their insight, a leisure activity they are acceptable at, or an aptitude they have procured. In â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† it is not, at this point conceivable to have unrivaled characteristics and Vonnegut shows this when the primary characters are watching a move presentation on TV. Hazel expresses that the move was â€Å"nice† yet as a general rule â€Å"they weren’t actually quite great †no better than any other individual would have been, anyway† (8). This shows regardless of whether the a rtists were capable they couldn't be glad for their abilities or show it because of the handicaps.With no explanation behind people to be pleased with themselves there is not, at this point a requirement for people to develop. This typicality ruins moving as a workmanship as well as vestiges every single other type of craftsmanship as well. At the point when the performers play in â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† it is normal until the hero Harrison, comes in and â€Å"strip[s] them of their handicaps† for a short measure of time (12). The capacity to be expressive and diverse is one of the sole purposes for craftsmanship with regards to artists and artists. Specialists lose all self-esteem that accompanies their ability when they can not, at this point express it.What is the point in building up an aptitude, if the impediment on it is simply going to be expanded? Essentially the individual’s nonattendance of self-esteem is predominantly because of the opening of singul arity. Impediment controlling people groups mental and physical capacity expels independence for each individual. With independence being a character quality that recognizes them from others, individuals no longer have the any characteristics that different them from others. Vonnegut shows this with the principle character George, despite the fact that â€Å"his insight [is] route above normal,† George has â€Å"a minimal mental impairment in his ear† (7).Instead of having his knowledge which separates him from the typical citizenry, the harsh society that longs for uniformity has decreased his independence. All through the entire story there is just a single confident scene wherein singularity is accomplished. Harrison Bergeron, the outsider who oversteps the law by not utilizing handicaps when he is unimaginably astute, solid, and gorgeous, breaks out of prison and gives the crowd a little look at trust. He goes on open TV and shouts that he is â€Å"the new emperor † and that he is â€Å"a more prominent ruler than any man who ever lived† (12).Even however Harrison is a miscreant towards different characters, he represents great in the story since he is the main character with distinction and the capacity to expel correspondence. This brief look at trust doesn't keep going long however in light of the fact that the Handicapper General, the leader of the police power, comes in and executes George. The ironical tone in Kurt Vonnegut’s story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† shows that handicaps all through the story are not really an improvement, since they expel the individual’s capacity to separate themselves from others.The limitations that are put on individuals frustrate their mind, quality, and advance, keeping everybody equivalent and yet, showing an absence of opportunity, self-esteem, and singularity. Vonnegut’s parody tone additionally overstates the possibility of equity being something to be thankful f or, indicating that absolute correspondence abuses human rights. By setting â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† later on, Vonnegut shows how complete correspondence would be unwanted to the crowd. Works Cited Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr. â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† 1961. Welcome to the Monkey House. New York: Dial Trade Paper Backs, 2010. 7-14. Print.

African History Essay Topics

African History Essay TopicsAfrican history has many different areas to discuss. You can be a history buff and write about politics, national affairs, or the life of a specific African leader. African history is full of life and history and it is possible to become engrossed in reading about ancient empires and great heroes.One of the most popular subjects to write about when discussing African history is political issues and how these issues are affecting this continent. History can be very engaging when you are able to bring modern life to the fore and focus on current events that affect our daily lives.Social issues are very successful areas to use in your essay. This can be anything from divorce rates, child abuse, and prison laws. You want to ensure that you do not focus on past events that are still happening today. If you put out a history essay on the number of divorced people in Africa, it would make it impossible to relate to today's youth and those who have been impacted b y these statistics.For one thing, if you have not tried to research your topic, it can be very daunting. Today's internet world makes it a lot easier to research topics, but it does take some research to make sure that you have a good grasp on the current state of affairs. Be sure to use the internet to your advantage and find out as much as you can about any issue you choose to write about.There are many countries that have strong political aspects. You can easily find interesting facts about countries such as the United States, Russia, Iran, and even Japan. Since so many of these areas are so vast, it would be easy to tell an interesting story about one of these countries.However, this is the point where most people stop because they are unaware of the resources they have and the importance of putting into account their own personal knowledge of the subject. It is difficult to successfully tell a story about a country if you have no firsthand knowledge of the history and culture o f the nation. Most of the time, you will need to find a writer who has researched the country in question and has written about the present day issues with this nation.Remember, this does not mean that you cannot write about the country on your own personal resources. You must at least be aware of the history of the country and its current situation before you write a history essay. With the right background information and proper research, it can be possible to create a very interesting and helpful report. However, you must be aware of the idea that the topics you choose will have to be placed in their correct timeline to give the reader a complete story.The best thing to do is to check into the latest issues, news, and news reports, which often include interesting articles about well-known people, politicians, and more. By checking the sites of any of these individuals, you will be able to find out more about their background and the issues that they are currently facing.

Essay on Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe - 2013 Words

Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe Elizabeth I came to the throne of England during a time of intense religious turmoil and political uncertainty. By the end of her reign, England stood as the first officially Protestant nation in Europe; however, tensions between Protestants and the repressed Catholic minority continued to plague the nation. Much of the literature produced during the time of her reign reflected sensitivities to religion and resulting political intrigues. In his play Doctor Faustus, Christopher Marlowe places the title character in a power struggle similar in form to those conflicts dominating Elizabethan life. Yet rather than a battle among courtiers for royal favor, the battle in Doctor Faustus pits god†¦show more content†¦In the same respect, Elizabeth’s ascension to the throne created royal pressure on Catholics. Some Catholics fled the country, while others plotted from within to overthrow her Protestant reign and reinstate Catholicism. Religion had become an issue of royal decree and the source of political intrigue, linked inexorably to the power struggles and political threats of Elizabeth’s reign. Political success rested not necessarily with religious devotion but with choosing the right side under the label of religious conviction. Just as religion became a matter of superior political power, so does the battle between God and the devil for Doctor Faustus’ soul become an issue of power. Faustus’ ambitious desire for power drives him to turn away from God in his pursuit of necromantic arts. In choosing between the righteous course that God presents and the damning course offered by the devil, he most carefully considers which will offer him the most power. In the opening scene, Faustus examines the merits of logic, medicine, law, and divinity, studies acceptable in service to God. He dismisses each in turn, declaring that he has â€Å"attained the end† of logic and medicine (1.1.10). He believes that â€Å"a greater subject fitteth Faustus’ wit† (1.1.11). For Faustus, law is nothing but â€Å"mercenary drudge† and â€Å"external trash,† far beneath his ambitious purposes (1.1.34, 35). While each of these dismissalsShow MoreRelatedDoctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe1359 Words   |  5 PagesWhat would you sell your soul for? A question Faustus had to ask when he wanted to gain more than just knowledge. England d uring the 1550’s had gone through many changes with religion, leaving the people unsure of what they wanted. When Elizabeth finally claimed throne and stayed Queen for a forty- five year reign, there were stable religious changes. For an escape and way of entertainment, society would attend plays. Due to the changing events during the Elizabethan era, plays were a stress relieverRead MoreThe Myth Of Doctor Faustus By Christopher Marlowe1026 Words   |  5 Pagesclass we have read a few plays in our book The Norton Anthology of Drama Shorter Second Edition by Gainor, Garner Jr., and Puchner. Out of the plays we have read, ranging from Oedipus the King by Sophocles to The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe, the play Everyman by Anonymous uses drama to reflect upon the religious and political concerns of the time. Everyman took place during the 1530’s. Drama in the medieval church developed through the early religious plays. This medievalRead Mor eThe Tragedy Of Christopher Marlowe s Doctor Faustus1416 Words   |  6 Pagesmotivational force? The following essay will examine the actions of the characters within Christopher Marlowe’s drama text Doctor Faustus in terms of witchcraft, lust, and other motivational forces, to come to a conclusion on which force is the most influential. Within the text, witchcraft is one of the main forces that influences the actions of the character Faustus himself. At the beginning of the text, Faustus becomes displeased with the knowledge he has so far gained, and aspires for more. He reviewsRead MoreChristopher Marlowe Protests: The Moral of Doctor Faustus Essay883 Words   |  4 PagesWhen Doctor Faustus was written, there was turmoil in Elizabethan society. The old medieval view made God the most important aspect of the world, while mankind and the natural world were ignored. This was giving way to the idea that mankind and the natural world were supreme. At first glance, it seems that Doctor Faustus was written with the medieval ideal in mind, however, I believe this is not so. I believe that Marlowe subscribed to the renaissance view of the world, and Doctor Faustus was intendedRead MoreChristopher Marlowe s The Tragical History Of The Life And Death Of Doctor Faustus 1688 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloping rapidly. In the 16th century, a playwright, poet and translator, Christopher Marlowe, decided to reach out even further than an ordinary human experience. In the age of social, scientific and cultural rebirth, Marlowe examined the possibilities and consequences of reaching out the most from knowledge, power and wealth. In the play, The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, the main protagonist, Dr. Faustus, sick and tired of the limited abilities of any human individual tradesRead MoreThe Forces of Evil in The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, by Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare’s Macbeth567 Words   |  2 PagesDr. Faustus in The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, by Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare’s Macbeth have similar interactions with forces of evil. Both characters believe it is necessary to gain power by following the devil or witches. Macbeth follows the witches’ equivocal prophecy to have absolute control over Scotland. He gives up his place in heaven to be king on earth. After Macbeth’s murder of Duncan, Macbeth has entered into a Faustian Bargain which he will never be able toRead MorePlay Flourishing in Elizabethan Era and a Review of Christopher Marlow’s Play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus678 Words   |  3 PagesThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is a play written by Christopher Marlowe. Christopher Marlowe is an English playwright who lived and created during the rule of Elizabeth I. The whole period of her reign, from 1558 to 1603, is called Elizabethan age and is known for being the greatest period in the history of English literature, so as the golden age of English drama. Since the number of plays was growing, lots of theaters were opened and made art more available to average people. HistoricalRead More A Comparison of Everyman and Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus1145 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Everyman and Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus Everyman and Doctor Faustus are both Morality Plays, these are specifically plays that existed within the Medieval period. They were popular during this period as they were intended to instruct the audience in the Christian way and attitudes to life. The morality play is essentially an allegory written in dramatic form. In the fourteenth Century, morality plays were mainly based on the seven deadly sins as in everyman withRead MoreEssay about Dr Faustus - Ambition1259 Words   |  6 PagesDr Faustus - Ambition â€Å"Marlowe’s biographers often portray him as a dangerously over–ambitious individual. Explore ways this aspect of Marlowe’s personality is reflected in ‘Dr. Faustus.’ † Christopher Marlowe lived during the Renaissance period in 16th century England. Although this was a time of change, the Elizabethans still had fixed moral values. ‘The Chain of Being,’ a concept inherited from the Middle Ages, can be described as a hierarchy of society, with the monarch at the top andRead MoreComparison Between Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus and William Shakespeares Twelfth Night872 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus versus William Shakespeares Twelfth Night Both Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus and William Shakespeares Twelfth Night deploy many of the same characteristic rhetorical features of 16th century verse dramas. Both plays are characterized by highly elaborate language, usually in iambic pentameter, although different types of verse structures are occasionally used to convey different moods or character types. Both plays combine tragedy and comedy within the

Essay on Letter to Thomas Jefferson from Frederick Douglass

Letter to Thomas Jefferson from Frederick Douglass Dear Mr. Jefferson: Throughout much of my life I was a slave to the white man. I was, however, luckier than most. I was able to become a freeman, and have since dedicated my life to the abolition of slavery and oppression in this country. This oppression lives on because of the hypocritical nature in which this countrys founding fathers, including you, outlined their independence. Many times throughout your most patriotic document, The Declaration of Independence, you contradict yourself and the ideas that are presented. It appears that the ideals you present are only for those with a white skin such as yours. All other people, for example the American Negro, are not even†¦show more content†¦-- That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Although this statement is bold and gives many of your people a sense of patriotism, I see no patriotism in it. Where is my life and liberty and how do you expect me to pursue happiness when I am treated with the same respect that you give your cattle? Additionally, if the government receives its power from the people why am I not heard? The Negroes are the most governed people in this nation, yet they have no say in how they are governed. This seems to contradict the entire basis of your great democratic system. I must assume then that we are not considered to be men in your eyes. I find this hard to believe as well. If you do not consider us to be men then why does your government count us as three-fifths of a person for their census figures? Even more importantly, if we are not men, how can you have a child with one us? You did in fact have an illegitimate child with one of your slaves, didnt you? Are we only men when it is convenient for you? This appears to be the case . If you would open your mind a little you would see that Negroes can become much more. Look at what some of your freed slaves have become. They are, as I stated in a recent speech, #8230;merchants and secretaries, having among us lawyers, doctors, ministers, poets, authors, editors, orators, andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Eric Foner, Olaudah Equiano In Voices Of Freedom864 Words   |  4 Pagesstricken, began to believe that the whites would eat them; they were later ensured that they were not to be eaten but were to be put to work instead, some may have prefered to just be killed instead. Eric Foner, Letter of Phillis Wheatley (1774), In Voices of Freedom, Vol 1, Page 118 In this letter, Phillis Wheatley is writing to Reverend Samson Occum discussing her appreciation on their shared beliefs that slaves have just as much natural rights as them white folk. Wheatley wrote, â€Å"how well the cry forRead MoreWhat Makes A Great Leader?2212 Words   |  9 Pages government, and public relations. In general, these men have contributed to our country in many ways; for example, they drafted the United States Constitution. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay published the Federalist Papers. Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft of the Declaration of Independence; John Adams, John Marshall, and Patrick Henry passed legislation that created a national government. What makes a person a leader, or rather, what makes them a great leader? John AdamsRead MoreA Day For Celebrating The Nation s Freedom928 Words   |  4 Pagesthe word, so can the meanings of freedom, equality and what it means to be an American. July forth, 1776 Thomas Jefferson signed the Declaration of Independence, He proclaimed that all men are created equal. And to this came the big debate as to what it’s meant to be an American, have freedom and live equally among other Americans. July fifth, 1852, sum seventy six years later, Frederick Douglass addresses the public after the day of what today is called Fourth of July, a day for celebrating the nation’sRead MoreJohn Locke : The Second Treatises Of Government2344 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"overthrow the government.† John Locke kept a similar mindset to that of Hobbes when it comes to the government and its power. Locke’s work and ideas would go on to be highly influential upon Thomas Jefferson du ring the process of writing the draft of the Declaration of Independence. In this document Jefferson kept very close ties to Locke’s ideas to create what he believed would be the ideal government. Charles Montesquieu took a leading role in the method in which the United States’ government wouldRead MoreEssay William Wells Brown and the Jefferson and Hemings Scandal1773 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Wells Brown and the Jefferson and Hemings Scandal William Wells Brown wrote Clotel or The Presidents Daughter, a (fiction) novel based on the rumors surrounding Thomas Jeffersons affair with Sally Hemings, his slave. Brown learned of the scandal while working in several antislavery activities following his escape from slavery in 1834. Brown wanted not only to improve the social status of blacks and to support abolition through his writing, but also to encourage his readers toRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass2234 Words   |  9 Pagesthings into symbolic categories, precedes complex thought. The process of freeing a slave is indicative of such. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, written by Frederick Douglass, demonstrates the stages by which a slave had acquired language, and used it to process ideals of his own freedom and role within increasing contexts. Each stage of Douglass shift in the view of education was constricted by a boundary of increasing abstraction, which allowed for higher-order conceptual understandingRead MoreWas The Civil War Inevitable?1724 Words   |  7 Pages WAS THE CIVIL WAR INEVITABLE? Shannon Olivolo History 101: US History I 5 May 2017 The American Civil War was one of the bloodiest and deadly wars in US history, with over two percent of the population dying during war from either disease or injuries (Reilly 2016). One may question why this war was the most deadly in history and could it have been prevented. A vast majority of historians will argue that this war was inevitable due to many precipitating factors, mainly being theRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1790 Words   |  8 Pagestypical slave, however Frederick Douglass was the exception. Douglass, was an African American writer, abolitionist, and so much more, but before any of this, he was a slave. Fortunately, his master never treated him unkindly, until he was sent to be with a master that was the extreme opposite. By learning to read and write, Douglass eventually came to the conclusion that he was not living the life he wanted and longed to get away. In the Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass, we are exposed toRead MoreV oice of Freedom Notes Essay2481 Words   |  10 Pagesaround the world. He also condemned slavery as a violation of American values and a shame. The speech was an example of American Nationalism and the limits of American Freedom after the Revolution. 44. Thomas Jefferson on Race and Slavery. Jefferson shares his view on slavery. Jefferson obviously seems torn on the subject. He questions whether blacks should be considered inferior but in the end he finds this innate. He comes to a conclusion where he believes they should be emancipated but afterRead MoreThe History of American Literature3501 Words   |  15 Pagesof American Literature starts well before this land was even called America. It has been a great evolution to come from tribal symbols and drawings to todays Stephen King and Danielle Steele. Literature has gone through many phases and was impacted by great events and ideas in American history. The earliest form of literature in what would one day be known as America were far from what modern day people would consider Literature. The Natives who inhabited this land first had unwritten ways of

The Aztecs And The Aztec Mythology Essay - 1620 Words

â€Å"Proud of itself / is the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan. / Here no one fears to die in war. This is our glory†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Joseph and Henderson, 61). The Aztec mythology claims their god Huitzilopochtli ordered them to leave the seven caves to find new land they would call home. They traveled many years until they found the eagle with a serpent on his mouth standing on top of a cactus. There the Aztecs were to build a temple for the god of war and of the sun, Huitzilopochtli. The Aztecs were tried by many but they learned to become skillful warriors, which allowed them to survive for many years. They were not afraid to die and their warriors were skillful, tactical, and one of the best in its time. They were landscapers, amazing architects, mathematicians, poets, but most importantly skillful warriors. The Aztecs were religious people, which also made them very superstitious. They believed they lived in a cyclical world and the world would come to end if their sun god was not s atisfied, which meant performing many human sacrifices. They believed their god Quetzalcoatl would return one day to take back what belonged to him. The Aztecs were rich in culture, they had a great civilization, and were survivors. They built an empire in a swampy island others refused to claim. The Aztecs are viewed by many people as violent and to sometimes an inhumane culture; however, they were simply trying to survive. Amongst many other aspects of their culture the battlefield was very important and a greatShow MoreRelatedThe Aztec And Greek Mythology Essay2381 Words   |  10 PagesWhen people first hear of the term mythology, he or she normally will associate the word with the Greeks or the Romans because of the well-known myth and specifically the gods and goddesses. For instance, movies like Hercules, Clash of the Titans , 300, and the Percy Jackson and the Olympian are renowned films that people love and since people know these films, they tend to know general informati on about the background of the Romans and Greek mythology. Furthermore, the planets and days of the weekRead MoreThe Ancient Aztecs Complex And Advanced Civilization966 Words   |  4 PagesJeffrey Hirneisen Period 5 World History A Honors Hilp March 3, 2015 The Ancient Aztecs Complex and Advanced Civilization. The Aztecs were a civilization that emerged in Mesoamerica around the start of the thirteenth century and existed until 1521 CE. The Aztecs had their own system of government, a very complex religion, and sports and games were very important to the civilization. The Aztecs were a civilization that was complex as well as very advanced in many different areas of their civilizationRead MoreThe Aztecs And The Aztec Tribes1026 Words   |  5 Pages The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican people that lived within the regions of central Mexico during the mid-13th century through the 16th century. The Aztecs history is one of most famous, rich, and tragic histories in the world. The Aztecs began as nomadic-hunter gatherer tribes mixed with separate cultures. This mix was what founded the Aztec culture we all know of today. It was believed the Aztecs originated from a mythical place known as Aztlan which can be translated to â€Å"the place of origin,† andRead MoreAztecs Cosmology916 Words   |  4 PagesThe Aztecs cosmology was a unique combination of mythology. Their beliefs about themselves and their purpose were not something they took lightly. â€Å"The mystic-militaristic approach characteristic of Aztec religion†¦felt that the purpose of man’s creation was to provide blood for the maintenance of the Sun’s life† (Leon-Portilla, Aztec Thought Culture, 122). With this perspective of themselves, the Aztecs believed that human sacrifice was not only justified but necessary for the lives of civilizationRead MoreThe Ideas Of Regeneration Of Time And Calendrical Rites1548 Words   |  7 PagesThe ideas of Regeneration of Time and calendrical rites are very predominately connected when looking at the Aztec. These two ideass are connected with the Five Suns creation myth and the Aztec Calendar which in themselves are connected. The idea of Regeneration of Time comes in with the creation of the 5th Sun by the Aztec gods, which later connects to the Calendric Rites. As said by Karl Taube â€Å"From the slaying of the gods at Teotihaucan, the Sun of Motion, Nahui Ollin, is created. Just as theRead MoreInevitably, Death is Only the Beginning in Egyptian and Aztec Culture687 Words   |  3 Pagesdestination every living thing will one day reach. The finish line of rot, ruin and decay. There are many dark deities in mythology. Male and Female deities in every different culture in the world. Two of the most interesting deities of death and darkness are Micteacaihatl the lady of death in Aztec culture, and the famous Anubis, guardian of the dead, and afterlife in Egyptian mythology. In Egyptian culture they believe that death is only the beginning, much like Christian cultures today. If you wereRead MoreThe Transformation Of A Golden Age1084 Words   |  5 Pagesthere were many civilizations that preceded the Aztecs. The Teotihuacans, Toltecs, Incas, Olmecs, and Mayans were various civilizations that occupied the region of Mexico prior to the Aztecs. Referring to the Teotihuacans, fertile land was most profitable for agricultural purposes. Thus, a period of economic prosperity resulted. Moreover, the Toltecs harvested obsidian as an export of trade which benefited the Toltec financial system. Henceforth, pre-Aztec civilizations exhibited qualities of a goldenRead MoreComparing Meso And South American Mythology889 Words   |  4 PagesIn Meso and South American mythology, Jaguars were both admired and feared and often extensively integrated into stories and religious traditions and rituals. Shamans of this area that were believed to be able to take the form of these large predators, known as â€Å"were-jaguars,† were feared due to their ability to make contact with dangerous spirits and other harmful forces, which had a profound impact on Mesoamerican beliefs. Due to Jaguars being the most powerful and aggressive predator to inhabitRead MoreThe Aztecs And The Aztec Religion1547 Words   |  7 Pagesof the last societies to arise were the Aztecs. The Aztecs originated from groups of people that were migrating from a lake named, Aztlan, towards the valley of Mexico. They transformed from just a small group of explores into a successful empire during this time. Aztecs had a very unique culture, their religion influenced most of their life. Their religion was expressed through their rituals, everyday life, and art. Even before they settled down, the Aztecs depended on their Gods to guide them toRead MoreThe Culture Of The Mayas, And The Aztecs1693 Words   |  7 Pagesamount of information on different cultures. However, there was a particular section that truly caught my attention, and has piqued an interest in me that has caused me to do my own research aside from this paper. The culture of the Mayas, and the Aztecs has been extremely fundamental in understanding my ancestry, being that I am Mexican American. I took an interest in their beautiful architecture, their ritualistic and sacrificial religious practices, as well as their history and how they began.

Corporate Innovations and Mergers Acquisitions †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Innovations and Mergers Acquisitions. Answer: Introduction Amazon is a company that is regarded as a benchmark and pioneer in many of the marketing and business strategies, established in 1994 by Jeff Bezos, the company has gained exponential growth and goodwill in the past decade of its operation. The company has several services in the information technology sector; the owner of Amazon declares that his business strategy always revolves around the customers and the betterment of the consumers. The business is a pioneer in the e-business sector and all the services that has been provided by the company so far is all related to internet and does not have a physical presence. The decision of the company acquiring the organic food store chain is a ground breaking decision for the company. The company has been showing a growing interest in the grocery industry as the company has an online service of groceries itself, this acquisition will theoretically boost this sector of e-business for the company as well. Amazon has been a pioneer in using t he aggressive pricing strategy tactfully to build the business. There are three sectors that Amazon has been focusing on first is the e-commerce site then is the web services and thirdly the latest is video content generator (About Us, 2017). The acquisition of Whole Foods Market Inc. by Amazon is valued at $13.7 billion; this includes all the debts as well. Whole foods in the grocery industry is known for its high quality and supplying natural and organic products at a reasonable price, Amazon also follows the same objectives and concentrates on the customers as well. Therefore this acquisition doesnt change the values of the organizations. The vision of Whole Foods market is to make healthy eating fun and interesting. In the press release the CEO of Amazon Jeff Bezos has stated that the company wants to be a part of the legacy that Whole foods have been following. After this deal Amazon is going to hold control of 460 physical stores of grocery goods. This deal instantly spiked the value of Whole Foodsin the share market by 27%. The name of the company will remain the same as it carries a certain amount of brand value as well as goodwill it will be regarded as a separate entity under the companys banner. The management of the company will remain the same, the current CEO will run the business and the headquarters will also be where it initially was (Amazon to Buy Whole Foods for $13.7 Billion, 2017). Situation analysis- Strengths Goodwill: a reputation of a company is very important for the overall growth and development of the company. Amazon has over the years gathered reputation in terms of customer service, quality and also price of the product. The third party sellers also known as the vendors of the organization agree to the low cost structure of the company which in turn adds to the goodwill and flexibility from the vendors side as well. On the other hand Whole foods also have a good reputation in the industry as a supplier of natural and organic items in an affordable price tag. The amalgamation of both the brand names has added the interest of the loyal customers from both the brands. The goodwill of the company brings with it good press which has positively impacted this acquisition, resulting in the hike of the market value. The strong brand portfolio of the organizations will add to the merger and will benefit both the companies; this will further help Amazon in expanding in to other business as w ell (berg, 2014). Distribution network: As an e-commerce giant the distribution logistics of the company plays a significant role in the whole business process. This is a great strength for the company to be able to monitor the stores that are spread all over America. The resources that are available under Amazon will also boost the supply process of Whole foods as well. Skilled resources: the resources availability of Amazon is huge and there are people in the organization who understands the grocery market as the company already has an online presence which in turn also poses a serious threat to the offline grocery market. The industry s therefore not unknown to the company the difference in the system is huge. But the skill of the resources does not change with the online of offline presence of the market (Candra et al., 2015). Customer loyalty: both the companies have their own loyal customers, the dynamic and strategic marketing techniques of Amazon along with the vision of Whole food is going to serve the loyal customers in a premium way and is also going to help transform the potential customers into loyal ones (Ritala et al., 2014). Situation Analysis Weaknesses This venture will be the first physical business entity that Amazon will use and the dynamics that are applicable in the online market are different from the dynamics of business environment in the physical market and that is one of the biggest weakness, lack of experience form the companys behalf may prove in making wrong decisions and policies for the acquisition (Tanriverdi Uysal, 2015). This acquisition has not established its unique selling proposition or positioning in the market. The customers and other stakeholders may view this as a risk. The competition in this segment is huge and any scope of doubt can lead to reduction in the market share (Greve Zhang, 2017). Amazon and Whole Foods Acquisition does not yet have an record of the reaction in terms of acceptance from the consumers end of both the companies, internal feedback mechanism directly from sales team on ground is key to the understanding of the perspective of the people (Bena Li, 2014). Sustainable growth: Sustainability is one of the major opportunities that Amazon has with this acquisition. Whole foods are a brand that is popular in supplying healthy organic food items which adds to the goodwill of the company. New environmental policies: The new opportunities will create a level playing field for all the players in the industry. It represent a great opportunity for Amazon and Whole Foods Acquisition to drive home its advantage in new technology and gain market share in the new product category (Lebedev et al., 2015). Updated technology: Amazon is a company that believes in innovation and creativity in terms of technology and other business dynamic that affect the operations of the business. The company always develops new technology to support the business and that is going to boost the operation of the Whole foods in an exponential way (Marks Mirvis, 2015). Situation Analysis Threats Intense competition in the market: The completion in the grocery market is huge and the company has given tough resistance towards Wal-Mart, Target Corp. and Costco Wholesale Corp. Amazon has its own grocery store online which has been posing as a threat to offline stores as well. The value estimated for edible groceries is $674 billion U.S. market. Lack of experience: Amazon has three divisions in the products and services segment they have to offer, all of these are related to information technology and none of it has to do with offline business units, this acquisition is the first that the company has in offline business. The operations of the two business models are different and Amazon doesnt have any experience in running a physical business unit the key operation area of physical business model are different from running e-business (Feldman, 2016). Economic issues: Amazon is a multinational company and the it has business operations in a number of countries hence exposing the company to the dynamics of the economy of all the countries for example fluctuation in the value of currency, inflation rate etc (Almor et al., 2014). Recommendation Amazon is regarded as one of the largest corporation in the world. The multinational company is headed by the visionary leadership of Jeff Bezos who has recognized the power and influence of internet and information technology before most people could. The acquisition of the whole food chain is a big step for the organization. The declaration of the acquisition has proved the world the first step Amazon has taken towards physical business and the interest in the grocery food market. The instant hike in the market value has proved the prospect as well. The competitors have viewed it as one of the biggest threat that the industry has at the current time. The recommendations for the company after analyzing the SWOT regarding the acquisition of Whole Foods by Amazon are: the company should invest in a skill development workshop for the people who will be working in this division. New technologies can be innovated and created by Amazon to help and assist the customers of Whole Foods. Amaz on can come up with sales promotion strategies, for the customers of Whole foods like an introductory or an offer dedicated to the celebration of the acquisition giving some kind of offers or discounts to people. Amazon and Whole foods should focus on customer service and should employee the resources in improving it as this customer service and providing high quality product are the fundamental values of both the companies. If any glitch is found in this sector the competitors can easily take advantage of it. Reference list: About Us. (2017).amazon.com. Retrieved 27 October 2017, from https://www.amazon.com/p/feature/rzekmvyjojcp6uc Almor, T., Tarba, S. Y., Margalit, A. (2014). Maturing, technology-based, born-global companies: Surviving through mergers and acquisitions.Management International Review,54(4), 421-444. Amazon to Buy Whole Foods for $13.7 Billion. (2017).wsj.com. Retrieved 27 October 2017, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-buy-whole-foods-for-13-7-billion-1497618446 Bena, J., Li, K. (2014). Corporate innovations and mergers and acquisitions.The Journal of Finance,69(5), 1923-1960. Candra, A., Pasasa, L. A., Simatupang, P. (2015, September). Analysis of factors determining enterprise value of company merger and acquisition: A case study of coal in Kalimantan, Indonesia. InAIP Conference Proceedings(Vol. 1677, No. 1, p. 120006). AIP Publishing. Feldman, E. R. (2016). Dual Directors and the Governance of Corporate Spinoffs.Academy of Management Journal,59(5), 1754-1776. Greve, H. R., Zhang, C. M. (2017). Institutional logics and power sources: Merger and acquisition decisions.Academy of Management Journal,60(2), 671-694. Lebedev, S., Peng, M. W., Xie, E., Stevens, C. E. (2015). Mergers and acquisitions in and out of emerging economies.Journal of World Business,50(4), 651-662. Marks, M. L., Mirvis, P. H. (2015). Managing the precombination phase of mergers and acquisitions. InAdvances in Mergers and Acquisitions(pp. 1-15). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. berg, C. (2014). Customer roles in mergers and acquisitions: a systematic literature review. InAdvances in Mergers and Acquisitions(pp. 59-74). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Ritala, P., Golnam, A., Wegmann, A. (2014). Coopetition-based business models: The case of Amazon. com.Industrial Marketing Management,43(2), 236-249. Tanriverdi, H., Uysal, V. B. (2015). When IT capabilities are not scale-free in merger and acquisition integrations: how do capital markets react to IT capability asymmetries between acquirer and target?.European Journal of Information Systems,24(2), 145-158.

Love In Wuthering Heights Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Love In Wuthering Heights Essay, Research Paper Love and Lovability # 8220 ; There is no character in Wuthering Highs who is wholly loveable, who wins our sympathy completely. # 8221 ; ( Bloom 99 ) Love, in one manner or another is the force which makes people unsympathetic. In Emily Bronte # 8217 ; s Wuthering Heights, people # 8217 ; s worship for one another is the ground why no character is wholly loveable. Receiving excessively much attending spoiled Catherine Earnshaw. Heathcliff was disliked because he had to turn up without a existent household to love him. Finally, Hindley turned into a pathetic adult male because of the love that he lost. For some, fondness can alter people for the better, but for others love can be a toxicant for their psyches. Bing the lone girl, Catherine was endeared by all those around her. The firm love that her household and friends gave her soured her temperament. While on a concern trip, her male parent told his kids that they could take any gift that they wanted. We will write a custom essay sample on Love In Wuthering Heights Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Catherine, being a good rider, # 8220 ; chose a whip. # 8221 ; ( 40 ) When she learned that Heathcliff was the ground why she did non acquire her present, she responded # 8220 ; by grinning and ptyalizing at the stupid small thing. # 8221 ; ( 41 ) Since she was used to acquiring everything that she wanted, she became disdainful and had no regard for other people # 8217 ; s feelings. # 8221 ; # 8220 ; Why canst 1000 non ever be a good young girl, Cathy? # 8221 ; And she turned her face up to his, and laughed, and answered, # 8220 ; Why can non you ever be a good adult male, Father? # 8221 ; ( 47 ) Even on his deathbed, Catherine chose to annoy her male parent alternatively of soothing him. Catherine # 8217 ; s mistakes, which can be attributed to her rich upbringing, do non endear her to readers. Heathcliff, being the scoundrel of the narrative, is the most horrid character in Wuthering Heights. He manipulates everyone around him and has no respect for anyone but himself. His icky nature can be traced back to his early old ages when he was a # 8220 ; hapless, fatherless child. # 8221 ; ( 43 ) The deficiency of parental love and counsel made his life a hard one. Heathcliff was an unwanted kid who brought convulsion to a antecedently happy family. # 8220 ; So from Thursday e really get downing, he bred bad feelings in the house.† ( 42 ) Alternatively of lifting from his hapless place, he degenerated into an evil animal. When Catherine had begun to pass more clip at Thrushcross Grange with the Linton’s, Heathcliff lost his self-respect and self-respect. â€Å"If he were careless and uncared for before Catherine’s absence, he had been ten times more so since.† ( 56 ) Heathcliff’s character is genuinely tragic because his average temperament is a consequence of non acquiring the love that everyone deserves. The old proverb that # 8220 ; It is better to hold loved and lost than to hold neer loved at all, # 8221 ; is non true in Hindley # 8217 ; s instance. The way to his death began when Heathcliff moved into Wuthering Heights. In Hindley # 8217 ; s eyes, Heathcliff took his topographic point in the household. He saw Heathcliff as # 8220 ; a supplanter of his male parent # 8217 ; s fondnesss and his privileges. # 8221 ; ( 42 ) The immature vagabond was quieter and gentler so he became a front-runner of Mr. Earnshaw. Hindley # 8217 ; s luck took a bend for the worst when his married woman, Frances, died. When she passed off, a portion of himself died excessively. His common sense and reason easy disintegrated into ashes. # 8220 ; The retainers could non bear his oppressive and evil behavior long. # 8221 ; ( 68 ) He shortly turned to alcohol for redemption, but his imbibing wonts merely made him worse. Soon plenty, Hindley was # 8220 ; degrading himself past salvation, and becam e daily more noteworthy for barbarian moroseness and ferocity. # 8221 ; ( 68 ) Losing both his male parent # 8217 ; s and his married woman # 8217 ; s love changed Hindley into a vindictive adult male who was full of hatred. Love can be a glorious thing, but passionate feelings can besides turn people into hateful animals. For Catherine, excessively much love was her undoing. In Heathcliff # 8217 ; s instance, the absence of parental love doomed him to a life as a bitter, vindictive adult male. Last, lost love and heartbreak destroyed everything sort and gentle about Hindley. Love can do life seem worthwhile, but love can besides destruct all that is good about people excessively. Bronte, Emily. Wuthering Heights. New York: New American Library, 1959. Bloom, Harold. # 8220 ; Introduction # 8221 ; . Emily Bronte # 8217 ; s Wuthering Heights. Ed. H. Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1987. 97-100

Beowulf Christian or Peagan Influences Essays

Beowulf Christian or Peagan Influences Essays Beowulf Christian or Peagan Influences Paper Beowulf Christian or Peagan Influences Paper Essay Topic: Beowulf The epic poem Beowulf is a tale of a warrior, named Beowulf, and the events that lead to his death. One of the main concerns of the epic poem was whether or not it is of pagan or Christian origin, or whether it has pagan or Christian influences. Even though the poem appeared to be originally a pagan story, there are many clues in the text that point to Christian influence and tradition. Beowulf is essentially a Christian story with Christian customs: that mans survival depends on the protection of God, that earthly gifts come from God, and also that Beowulf is a Christ-figure. Throughout the poem, there are numerous references to Christianity, mostly referring to God, or the Almighty. These references begin right from the beginning of the poem. The story starts with Grendel hearing the bard telling the story of creation. The reader hears how the Almighty has made the earth and all that is beautiful, lovely, and full of life. The Almighty making the earth, shaping these beautiful plains marked off by oceans made quick with life(7-12). This shows how God has given his people great gifts like the earth they live on, and the most precious gift, life. There are also other instances where the notion of God giving his people gifts is made obvious. This is when Beowulf is dying and Wiglaf finds the dragons treasure. Beowulf clearly thanks God for his grace in giving him the treasure. This once again shows the Christian influence in the poem because Beowulf recognizes the importance of God in his life. Another display of Christian influence in the poem is how the people believe in the protection of God. This is first seen when Grendel dares not to touch Hrothgars throne because of its protection by God. This is also seen when Beowulf is speaking about fighting Grendel. He is not afraid of the beast because he says that God must decide who will die in this fight. This shows how Beowulf has faith in God because he knows God will protect him, or if he dies it will be with honor. This is also seen when Hrothgar is speaking about what Grendel has done to his people. Surely, the Lord Almighty could stop his madness, smother his lust! (212-213). This portrays how Hrothgar has faith in Gods protection because if nobody can defeat Grendel, God will protect Hrothgar. This undoubtedly shows the Christian influence in this poem. Drawing parallels between Grendel and Satan also displays Christianity. Grendel is referred to as a demon and a fiend throughout the poem. He is the epitome of evil and is associated with the family of Cain. Conceived by a pair of those monsters born of Cain, murderous creatures banished by God, punished forever for the crime of Abels death(20-23). This is a clear Christian reference straight out of the Bible. Grendels lair is also similar to hell. The water at his lair burns like a torch at night symbolizing the fires of hell. Grendels lair is where evil lives and thus is like hell. The ultimate portrayal of Christian influence in Beowulf is that Beowulf himself can be seen as being a Christ figure. There are some significant similarities between Jesus Christ and Beowulf. Jesus is called upon by the Almighty King (God) to give his life for the purpose of defeating evil. Only Jesus could get rid of sin and evil, and nobody else. Like Jesus, Beowulf is called upon by the King of the Danes, Hrothgar, to defeat evil (Grendel). Only Beowulf could defeat Grendel. Jesus was prepared and willing to die for the sake of good and righteousness. The same can be said about Beowulf. He realized that he could die but was willing to give his life in the quest for righteousness. Also, both men were ethical. My hands alone shall fight for me(172-173). Beowulf wanted the battle between good and evil to be fair and equal, so he wanted to fight with only his hands. Jesus was also an ethical man. He is the model of ethics for Christians of all time. Both men met their death in the defense of goodness and in the battle against evil. Finally, for both men, after their deeds to defeat evil were finished, they had their stories retold. For Jesus, the apostles spread the news of Jesus victory over evil. For Beowulf, the people were so joyful from his victory over Grendel, that they retold his bravery all over the land. In conclusion, although showing signs of being a pagan story, Beowulf is primarily a Christian story. There are many Christian elements in the poem such as: earthly gifts come from God, Grendel being connected to the family of Cain, God offering protection to his people, and Beowulf being seen as Christ-like. Beowulf is a poem filled with Christian customs that show man believes in God and there is good in the world, and Beowulf is a man who is willing to die to defend the world against evil.

Letter of intent - pharmacy residency program Essay

Letter of intent - pharmacy residency program - Essay Example My decision to pursue PGY1 residency program at CSMC stems from the multidisciplinary relationship that exists at the medical center, which is essential in allowing healthcare professionals play a fundamental role in patient care and management. As PGY1 resident, I believe that rotation opportunities and exposure to general hospital practice, teaching faculty and other challenges will enhance my skills and shape my skills in these areas. Consequently, I believe that my tenure at CSMC will open new opportunities for me in the future. Most important, I hope to gain considerable skills as a pharmacist, which would enable me to deliver critical services in areas of my interests such as infectious disease, critical care, and transplant pharmacy. While taking my clinical rotations at CSMC, I gained immense experience from working with pharmacists and physicians as it took part in developing appropriate therapeutic interventions. In particular, I learned how to tailor and optimize clinical therapies and minimize adverse effects of selected drugs on patients. Moreover, I took part in the delivery of more than 60 interventions. As result, I developed an intense passion and appreciation of pharmacy and the role of pharmaceutical care on patients. These experiences, I believe, will bolster my learning during my PGY1 residency program. Ultimately, I see myself honing my patient-specific skills not my to mentioning perfecting my decision making process. Considerable skills, attributes, and values strengthen my suitability for the PGY1 residency program. Firstly, I am many fundamental skills, which would allow me learn quickly and conceptualize new concepts in the program. Secondly, my time management skill, work ethics, and passion for pharmaceutical care stand to establish me as one of the leading students in the residency program. Given that CSMC is a leading teaching

Should Tiger Woods or Brad Pitt mow their own lawns Essay

Should Tiger Woods or Brad Pitt mow their own lawns - Essay Example The National Council on Economic Education 1998, p. 118, defines absolute advantage as â€Å"A person has an absolute advantage if he or she can produce more of a product with the same amount of resources as another person†. The concept of absolute advantage points to a professional lawn mower mowing the lawn more cost effectively than either Tiger Woods or Brad Pitt. Tiger Woods and Brad Pitt enjoy absolute a advantage in entertaining people through playing golf and acting in movies respectively, and earning more than they would by the time and effort spent on mowing their lawn. To make this clearer let us look at the example of the famous cyclist Lance Armstrong and his fan mail. Being a cycling champion he is bound to receive fan mail and respond to them. He can do it himself or with the help of a secretary. Lance Armstrong may be a good typist, but he does not enjoy comparative or absolute advantage over his secretary in typing the response letters. He is economically wiser to leave the typing and sending of the responses to the fans to his secretary, while he spends his time and efforts in furthering his professional career in

Hobbes VS. Locke VS. Rousseau Essay Example for Free

Hobbes VS. Locke VS. Rousseau Essay â€Å"I am at the point of believing, that my labor will be as useless as the commonwealth of Plato. For Plato, also is of the opinion that it is impossible for the disorders of the state ever to be taken away until sovereigns be philosophers . . . I recover some hope that one time or other this writing of mine may fall into the hands of a sovereign who will consider it for himself, for it is short, and I think clear. † -The Monster of Malmesbury (Thomas Hobbes), Leviathan1 Thomas Hobbes was born at Westport near Malmesbury in Wiltshire, England. 2 A wealthy uncle paid for his education and sent him to Magdalen Hall, Oxford. 3 Hobbes lived at a time of immense intellectual excitement, and the universities of his day were far from being at the cutting-edge of intellectual advance. 4 The Oxford curriculum still consisted largely of scholastic logic and metaphysics, which he regarded as sterile pedantry and for which he had nothing good to say. 5 Leaving university with a degree in scholastic logic and, it has been said, several more degrees of contempt for Aristotle in particular, and universities in general, Hobbes obtained a post as tutor to the Earl of Devonshire. 6 He travelled widely with the Duke, moving in increasingly aristocratic circles and even meeting the celebrated Italian astronomer Galileo, in 1636. 7 Hobbes also met another important figure, Sir Francis Bacon. Francis Bacon was a philosopher who rejected the Aristotelian logic and system, which basically was a speculative system, started out from some major assumptions and through deductions developed his philosophical system. 8 Thomas Hobbes has a more cynical and realistic, view of human nature than the Greeks. 9 Whilst he agrees that people have regard for their self-interest, there is little else Hobbes will accept from the ancients. 10 Hobbes was considered by many of his contemporaries to be, if not actually an atheist, certainly a heretic. 11 Indeed, after the Great Plague of 1666, in which 60,000 Londoners died, and the Great Fire straight afterwards, a parliamentary committee was set up to investigate whether heresy might have contributed to the two disasters. 12 The list of possible causes includes Hobbes’ writings. 13 Hobbes’ books are a strange mixture of jurisprudence, religious enthusiasm, and political iconoclasm. 14 Hobbes’ political theory, then is that of someone who experienced both the English Civil War and the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. 15 This fact is important to our understanding of it. 16 He formulated his political ideas several times, but it is in Leviathan that they find their most complete and influential statement. 17 His approach to politics is self-consciously scientific. 18 His technique of enquiry is delivered partly from the ‘resolutive-compositive’ method associated with Galileo and Bacon, and partly from the deductive reasoning that had so impressed him in Euclid. 19 If we are to arrive at a sound understanding of politics, we must first analyze or resolve social wholes into their smallest component parts: namely, individual human beings. 20 Then, having studied the properties and behavior of those parts in isolation, we can deduce from them, as it were from first principles, rational conclusions about social and political organization. 21 He breaks down (by analysis) social phenomena into their basic constituents, and only then synthesizes these to produce a new theory. 22 It is this technique, as much as his theory of power as the motivating spring of mankind, that makes Hobbes a distinctly modern thinker. 23 His materialism is central to his account of human behavior. 24 The body of each human being is, he thinks, only a complex mechanism, somewhat like a clock. 25 Hobbes has a mechanistic Weltanschauung. We are bodies in constant motion. 26 He seems in other words, to have a kind of materialistic psychology in which human behavior exhibits the same, as it were, mechanical tendencies as billiard balls that can be understood as obeying, again, geometric or causal processes of cause and effect. 27 Before we proceed to his account of the state of nature, we will explore first some of his important ideas. First, is his skeptical view of knowledge. Hobbes was obsessed with the question about what can I know or, maybe put a different way, what am I entitled to believe, and there are many passages in Leviathan that testify to Hobbes’ fundamentally skeptical view of knowledge. 28 He is a skeptic not because he believes that we can have no foundations for our beliefs, but he is skeptic in the sense that there can be no, on his view, transcendent of nonhuman foundations for our beliefs. 29 We cannot be certain, he thinks, of the ultimate foundations of our knowledge and this explains you may have wondered about this, this explains the importance he attributes to such things as naming and attaching correct definitions to things. 30 Knowledge, in other words, is for Hobbes a human construction and it is always subject to what human beings can be made to agree upon and that skeptical view of knowledge or at least skeptical view of the foundation of knowledge has far reaching consequences for him. 31 This argument of Hobbes resembles the thesis of Berger and Luckmann’s book. The ongoing process of objectivation-externalization-internalization to construct, reconstruct, and deconstruct the world. In other words, knowledge and human reality is ‘socially constructed’. 32 If all knowledge, according to Hobbes, ultimately rests on agreement about shared terms, he infers from that our reason, our rationality, has no share in what Plato or Aristotle would have called the divine Noos, the divine intelligence. 33 Our reason does not testify to some kind of inner voice of conscience or anything that would purport to give it some kind of indubitable foundation. 34 Such certainty as we have about anything is for Hobbes always provisional, discovered on the basis of experience and subject to continual revision in the light of further experience, and that again experiential conception of knowledge. 35 Next, is his idea of the laws of nature. Fear is the basis, even of what Hobbes called the various laws of nature. 36 The laws of nature for Hobbes are described as a precept or a general rule of reason that every man ought to endeavor peace and it is out of fear that we begin to reason and see the advantages of society; reason is dependent upon the passions, upon fear. 37 The natural laws for Hobbes are not divine commands or ordinances, he says, but they are rules of practical reason figured out by us as the optimal means of securing our well-being. 38 Ignorance of the law of nature is no excuse. 39 According to Prof. Bacale-Ocampo LlB, there are two doctrines of the natural law: everyone must seek peace and follow it, and man being able, if others were too. 40 Hobbes also said that there can be no unjust laws. There are two reasons for this proposition, according to Prof. Bacale-Ocampo LlB: law precedes justice, and the sovereign is the embodiment of all the people’s rights. 41 This argument justifies Hobbes’ defense of the absolute and authoritarian power of his sovereign. The power of the sovereign, Hobbes continually insists, must be unlimited. 42 This notion also resembles Art. XVI, Sec. III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, that, â€Å"The State may not be sued without its consent. † In a very real sense, a suit against the State by its citizens is, in effect, a suit against the rest of the people represented by their common government – an anomalous and absurd situation indeed. 43 Now, let’s go to his notion of the state of nature. The state of nature, a shocking phrase calculated to arouse the wrath of the Church, directly conflicting with the rosy biblical image of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden before the Fall. 44 Hobbes thinks the ‘human machine’ is programmed to direct its energies selfishly. 45 He doubts if it is ever possible for human beings to act altruistically, and even apparently benevolent action is actually self-serving, perhaps an attempt to make them feel good about themselves. 46 Hobbes tells us, â€Å". . . in the first place, I put for a general inclination of all mankind, a perpetual and restless desire of Power after Power, that ceaseth only in Death. †47 The desire for power is the cause of human strife and conflict. 48 Finally, Hobbes most quoted statement, that in the state of nature, â€Å". . . there is no place for Industry; because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no Culture of the Earth; no Navigation, nor use of the Commodities that may be imported by Sea; no Commodious Building; no instruments of moving, and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the Earth; no account of Time; no Arts; no Letters; no Society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; And the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. †49 The state of nature is simply a kind of condition of maximum insecurity. 50 Hobbes continues, â€Å"Hereby it is manifest, that during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called War; and such a War, as is of every man against every man . . . the nature of war, consisteth not in actual fighting; but in the known disposition thereto, during all the time there is no assurance to the contrary. †51 There are three principle causes of quarrel. The first is competition, for gain; the second is diffidence and a compulsion for safety; whilst the final one is the compulsion for glory, and for reputation. 52 Yet they all precipitate violence. 53 Hobbes tells us, â€Å"The first use violence, to make themselves Masters of other men’s persons, wives, children, and cattle; the second, to defend them; the third, for trifles, as a word, a smile, a different opinion, and any other sign of undervalue either direct in their Persons, or by reflection in their Kindred, their Friends, their Nation, their Profession, or their Name. †54 Hobbes also asks the readers, â€Å"Let him, the reader, therefore ask himself, when taking a journey he arms himself and seeks to go well accompanied. When going to sleep, he locks his doors even when in his house, and even when in his house he locks his chest and this, when he know, he says, there be laws and public officers armed to avenge all injuries shall be done to him . . . Does he not therefore as much accuse mankind by his action as I do by my words? †55 In short, the members of the Hobbesian state of nature employs the classic prisoner’s dilemma. The strategic interests of the two individuals are antithetical to each other, and that keeps them from forming a social solidarity that would be best for them altogether. 56 The prisoner’s dilemma is analogous to a social world in which public goods would be quite valuable to have, but in which individuals would lose something from contributing to the public good as long as other people do not. 57 There has to be an assurance that the other side will live up to the bargain; but there is no way of knowing that, and in fact one can figure out that other people will act just like oneself. 58 Whether one assumes that the other person is ultimately selfish, or merely distrusting, the outcome is the same. 59 Rational selfish individuals dealing with other rational selfish individuals will never sacrifice anything to the public good, since it would be a waste. 60 That is what makes the situation a dilemma. 61 Hobbes constructed his state of nature, using logic, not using historical data. The state of nature, for him, is rather a kind of thought experiment after the manner of experimental science. 62 Hobbes is the, again, the great founder of what we might call, among others, is the experimental method in social and political science. 63 How can we escape the horror of the Hobbesian state of nature? By establishing a sovereign by means of a social contract. He would understand (1) that it is rationally necessary to seek peace; (2) that the way to secure peace is to enter into an agreement with others not to harm one another; and (3) that having entered into such an agreement, it would be irrational, in the sense of self-defeating, to break it for as long as the others kept it. 64 By this chain of reasoning, society would be created. 65 It would be created by an agreement – a ‘compact’, as Hobbes calls it – made by individuals no one of whom has interest in anyone else’s good per se, but each of whom realizes that his own good can be secured only by agreeing not to harm others in return for their agreement not to harm him. 66 But, there must be an enforcer, because Hobbes argues that, â€Å"Covenants without the sword are but words, and of no strength to secure a man at all. †67 So the people will have to, â€Å"Confer all power and strength upon one Man, or upon one assembly of men, that may reduce all their wills, by plurality of voices, unto one Will . . . This is more than Consent, or Concord; it is a real Unity of them all, in one and the same Person, made by Covenant of every man with every man . . . that Great Leviathan, the Commonwealth, and it comes about when either one man by War subdueth his enemies to his will, or when men agree amongst themselves, to submit to some Man, or Assembly of men, voluntarily, on confidence to be protected by him against all others. †68 The sovereign is created by, but not a party to, the compact. 69 He therefore cannot be got rid of because he is in reach of the compact. 70 If he could be, his power would not, after all, be sovereign. 71 Hobbes remains one of the most impressive and influential of English political theorists. 72 He is also, though he several times twits himself on his own timidity, a writer of considerable intellectual courage, who expressed unpopular views at a time when it was dangerous – mortally dangerous, indeed to do so. 73 He also â€Å"provides an antidote to the high-minded reasoning of the schoolmen and indeed the Ancients. †74 Starting from a pragmatic assessment of human nature, he strengthens the case for a powerful political and social apparatus organizing our lives. 75 And with his interest in the methods of geometry and the natural sciences, he brings a new style of argument to political theorizing that is both more persuasive and more effective. 76 But from Hobbes we also obtain a reminder that social organization, however committed to fairness and equality it may be intended to be, being motivated by a struggle between its members, is also inevitably both authoritarian and inegalitarian. 77 Virtually all subsequent attempts to treat politics and political behavior philosophically have in some sense had to take Hobbes into account. 78 â€Å"Though the water running in the fountain be everyone’s, yet who can doubt but that in the pitcher is his only who drew it out? † -John Locke, Second Treatise79 John Locke was born into a Puritan family in Somerset, England. 80 His father was a country lawyer who raised a troop of horse and fought on the parliamentary side in the Civil War. 81 Locke went up to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1652. 82 Like Hobbes before him, Locke found the old fashioned Scholastic curriculum uncongenial, though his association with Christ Church was to last, with interruptions, for more than thirty years. 83 He became a senior student – that is, a Fellow – in 1659. 84 In 1667 he became medical adviser and general factotum of Anthony Ashley Cooper, created first Earl of Shaftesbury in 1672. 85 When Shaftesbury was appointed Lord Chancellor in 1672, Locke became his secretary. 86 Earl Shaftesbury went on to three notable political achievements: he led the opposition to Charles II, he founded the Whig Party, the forerunner of the Liberals, and he pushed Locke into politics. 87 John Locke is a kind of ‘lowest common denominator’ of political philosophy, the intellectual forebear of much of today’s political orthodoxy, a role that befits a thinker of a naturally orthodox turn of mind. 88 He also â€Å"fitted the times very well (Bertrand Russell even described him as the ‘apostle of the Revolution of 1688’). 89 His philosophy was actively adopted by contemporary politicians and thinkers; his influence was transmitted to eighteenth-century France through the medium of Voltaire’s writings, and inspired the principles of the French Revolution. 90 And his views would spread still more widely, through the writings of Thomas Paine, eventually shaping the American Revolution too. 91 Although Locke’s reputation as a philosopher rests almost entirely on the epistemological doctrines expressed in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, he made a great and lasting contribution to political thought. 92 This contribution consists mainly in his Two Treatises of Government, especially in the Second Treatise. 93 It is usual to regard the First Treatise as being mainly of antiquarian interest. 94 It is in the Second Treatise that Locke presents his own ideas. 95 The proper title of the treatise is ‘An Essay Concerning the True, Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government. ’96 The master of Locke’s own residential college at Oxford, Balliol College, described Mr. Locke as the ‘master of taciturnity’, because he could not discover, through questioning and so on, Locke’s opinions on religious and political matters. 97 Before we proceed to his notion of the state of nature, we will first explore some of his major ideas. First is his account of the law of nature. There is no modern thinker that I’m aware of who makes natural law as important to his doctrine as does Locke. 98 The law of nature, Locke tells us, â€Å"willeth the peace and preservation of all mankind. †99 Locke adds, the â€Å"law of nature . . . obliges everyone; and reason which is that law, teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. †100 Locke also offers the three fundamental rights: life, health, and property. These three rights can never be overruled even by the government. They are also our natural rights, they are pre-political, it means that they are already our rights even before the establishment of the government. The interesting thing about these fundamental rights is that it is paradoxical. There are two reasons for this paradox. The first is that, â€Å"our rights are less fully mine. †101 Our rights were given by God. Locke tells us, â€Å"For men, being all the workmanship of one Omnipotent and Infinitely Wise Maker, they are his property whose workmanship they are, made to last during his, not one another’s pleasure. †102 The second reason is that, â€Å"because our rights are unalienable, they are more deeply mine. †103 These three Lockean fundamental rights influenced the famous 1776 U. S. Declaration of Independence, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. †104 It’s like the ghost of John Locke who wrote this declaration, not Thomas Jefferson. Every sentence of this declaration has something like a Lockean spirit or fingerprint. This Lockean principle also influenced our present Constitution. Art. III, Sec. I of the 1987 Constitution states that, â€Å"No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. †105 Next, his theory of private property. Locke’s â€Å"account of property; certainly, in many ways, one of the most characteristic doctrines of Lockean political thought. †106 In the beginning the whole world was America, explains Locke, meaning that the world was an unexploited wilderness, before, through the efforts of people, there came farms and manufactures and buildings and cities. 107 With these come trade, and money. 108 But although property is the foundation of political society, Locke traces its origin back not to commerce, but to ‘the conjugal union. ’109 The first society was between man and wife, and later their children. 110 Locke’s view of human nature is that we are very much the property-acquiring animal. 111 Locke tells us, â€Å"Every man has a property in his own person, this nobody has any right to but himself. The labor of his body and the work of his hands, we may say are properly his. †112 This is one of the major premises of Robert Nozick and other libertarian thinkers, that we own ourselves. Locke continues, â€Å"Whatsoever then he removes out of that state of nature has provided and left it in, he has mixed his labor with, and joined to it something that in his own and thereby makes it his property. †113 Locke anticipates Marx’s Labor Theory of Value. Locke continues, â€Å"For this labor being the unquestionable property of the laborer no man but he can hence a right, to what that is once joined to, at least where there is enough and as good left in common for others. †114 Locke adds, â€Å"As much land as a man tills, plants, improves, cultivates and can use the product of, so much is his property. He by his labor, does as it were, enclose it from the common. †115 One of the most famous passages in the Second Treatise is that, â€Å"God gave the world to men in common, but since He gave it to them for their benefit and the greatest conveniences of life that they were capable to draw from it . . . it cannot be supposed He meant it should always remain common and uncultivated. He gave it to the use of the industrious and the rational and not to the fancy or covetousness of the quarrelsome and contentious. †116 Locke seems to suggest, that the state will be a commercial state, that the Lockean republic, the Lockean state will be a commercial republic. 117 Labor becomes, for Locke, his source of all value and our title to common ownership and in a remarkable rhetorical series of shifts, he makes not nature, but rather human labor and acquisition the source of property and of unlimited material possessions. 118 The new politics of the Lockean state will no longer be concerned with glory, honor, thumos, virtue, but Lockean politics will be sober, will be pedestrian, it will be hedonistic, without sublimity or joy. 119 Locke is the author of the doctrine that commerce softens manners, that it makes us less warlike, that it makes us civilized. 120 On the ground of Locke’s claim of self-ownership as the foundation of rights and justice, I will offer one of the major criticisms to this view. This is the ‘difference principle’ of one of my favorite political philosophers, John Rawls. First, â€Å"Lockean theory of justice, broadly speaking, supports a meritocracy sometimes referred to as ‘equality of opportunity’, that is, what a person does with his or her natural assets belongs exclusively to him, the right to rise or fall belongs exclusively to him. †121 Rawls’ principle â€Å"maintains that our natural endowments, our talents, our abilities, our family backgrounds, our history, our unique histories, our place, so to speak, in the social hierarchy, all of these things are from a moral point of view something completely arbitrary. 122 None of these are ours in any strong sense of the term. 123 They do not belong to us but are the result of a more or less kind of random or arbitrary genetic lottery or social lottery of which I or you happen to be the unique beficiaries. 124 No longer can I be regarded as the sole proprietor of my assets or the unique recipient of the advantages or disadvantages I may accrue from them. 125 Rawls concludes, I should not be regarded as a possessor but merely the recipient of what talents, capacities, and abilities that I may, again, purely arbitrary happen to possess. 126 The difference principle is a principle for institutions, not for individuals. 127 This is not to say that the difference principle does not imply duties for individuals – it creates innumerable duties for them. 128 It means rather that the difference principle applies in the first instance to regulate economic conventions and legal institutions, such as the market mechanism, the system of property, contract, inheritance, securities, taxation, and so on. 129 The direct application of the difference principle to structure economic institutions and its indirect application to individual conduct, exhibit what Rawls means when he says that the ‘primary subject of justice is the basic structure of society. ’130 The basic structure of society consists of the arrangement of the political, social, and economic institutions that make social cooperation possible and productive. 131 These institutions have a profound influence on individuals’ everyday lives, their characters, desires, and ambitions, as well as their future prospects. 132 The difference principle also â€Å"requires that economic institutions be designed so that the least advantaged class enjoys a greater share of income, wealth, and economic powers more generally, than it would under any other economic arrangement (with the important qualification that the final distribution is compatible with equal basic liberties and fair equal opportunities). 133 We should follow the principle that would be chose under ideal conditions not because it is rational for us to use such a procedure (in the narrow sense of rationality), and not because doing so would maximize total overall utility, but because doing so embodies fundamental values to which Rawls thinks, we are already committed, the values of freedom and equality. 134 In structuring a just society, we must also employ what Rawls called ‘the veil of ignorance’. The situation where you don’t know who you will be. 135 Using the DP and the veil of ignorance, we can assure that the cake will be sliced equally. There are other important Lockean ideas, that I wish to address, but for the main reason of limiting my paper, I won’t discuss them anymore. These important ideas are the Lockean idea of a limited government (which resembles our present form of government), his ‘Appeal to Heaven’ doctrine or the right of the people to rebel against an unjust government (this doctrine is also embodied in the Art. II, Sec. I, of the 1987 Constitution), and his famous doctrine of consent. Now, let’s proceed to the Lockean version of the state of nature. Like Hobbes, Locke makes use of the idea of a state of nature as an explanatory conceit which to build his political theory. 136 As with Hobbes, and despite some ambiguity of language, the argument is not really a historical one. 137 Locke does not take Hobbes’ pessimistic view of how ungoverned human beings would behave in relation to each other. 138 Unlike Hobbes, he does not depict the state of nature as an intolerable condition in which the amenities of civilization are impossible. 139 The drawbacks of Locke’s state of nature would be no worse than ‘inconveniences’. 140 The ‘continous inconveniences’ is that men in the state of nature were both the judge and executor of the law of nature. Locke tells us, â€Å"The execution of the law of nature is, in that state, put into every man’s hands, whereby everyone has a right to punish the transgressor of that law to such a degree as may hinder its violation. †141 Everyone can enforce the law of nature. Locke adds, â€Å"One may destroy a man who makes war upon him . . . for the same reason that he may kill a wolf or a lion; because such man . . . have no other rule, but that of force and violence, and he may be treated as beasts of prey, those dangerous and noxious creatures, that will be sure to destroy the, whenever he feels into their power. †142 How can we escape the ‘inconveniences’ of Locke’s state of nature? Civil government is the proper remedy for the inconveniences of the state of nature. 143 Just like his great predecessor Hobbes, we must mutually agree to give up our enforcement power by means of a social contract. Locke tells us, â€Å"Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free and equal and independent, no one can be put out of this estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent . . . when any number of men have, by the consent of every individual, made a community, they have thereby made that community one body, with a power to act as one body, which is only by the will and determination of the majority . . . to move . . . whither the greater force carries it. †144 Locke has no particular view about the form of government should take, as long as it is based on popular consent. 145 It may be a republic, but it could be an oligarchy and there might still be a monarch. 146 But whatever form the government takes, Locke says, it does need to include some ‘separation of powers’, and sets out fairly precisely the distinction to be made between the law-making part of government – the legislature – and the action-taking part – the executive. 147 The executive must have the power to appoint and dismiss the legislature, but it does not make the one superior to the other, rather there exists a ‘fiduciary trust’. 148 According to Locke’s view of government, there are only two parties to the trust: the people, who is both trustor and beneficiary, and the legislature, who is trustee. 149 The principal characteristic of a trust is the fact that the trustee assumes primarily obligations rather than rights. 150 The purpose of the trust is determined by the interest of the beneficiary and not by the will of the trustee. 151 The trustee is little more than a servant of both trustor and beneficiary, and he may be recalled by the trustor in the event of neglect of duty. 152 Locke also tells us that, â€Å"The great and chief end, therefore, of men’s uniting into commonwealths and putting themselves under government is the preservation of their property. †153 Property here is the general term for life, liberty, and estates or possessions. This Lockean idea is also embodied in the famous The Federalist No. 10 of James Madison, â€Å"The diversity in the faculties of men from which the rights of property originate, is not less an insuperable obstacle to a uniformity of interests. The protection of these faculties is the first object of government. †154 Locke – jointly, perhaps, with Hobbes – is the most influential of all English political theorist. 155 His political writing, like all political writing, is a response to the issues and events of a specific time and place, and reflects a particular perception of those issues and events. 156 Locke creates a picture of the world in which ‘rationality’ is the ultimate authority, not God, and certainly not, as Hobbes had insisted brute force. 157 He insists that people have certain fundamental rights and also attempt to return the other half of the human race, the female part, to their proper, equal, place in history, the family and government. 158 Locke’s legacy is the first, essentially practical, even legalistic, framework and analysis of the workings of society. 159 That is his own particular contribution to its evolution. 160 â€Å"Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains. † -the citizen of Geneva (Jean-Jacques Rousseau), The Social Contract161. Rousseau was born in Geneva in 1712, the son of a Calvinist watchmaker. 162 It was his father who brought him up, his mother having died in childbirth. 163 His father also gave Rousseau a great love of books, but otherwise he had little formal education. 164 At the age of fifteen he ran away from home and began a life of solitary wandering. 165 His was a difficult, hypersensitive personality, with a towering sense of his own genius. 166 Although capable of intense friendship, his relationships never lasted. 167 After leaving Switzerland, Rousseau lived in Savoy and worked in Italy, before gravitating to Paris, at the time the leading intellectual centre in Europe. 168 There he associated with the Enlightenment thinkers – the philosophes – and particularly Diderot. 169 Rousseau contributed articles (mainly on musicology) to their great project, the Encyclopedia, but although he subscribed to some of their beliefs he was never a committed member of the group. 170 He developed his own ideas that differed radically from their fashionable cult of reason and from establishment orthodoxy. 171 Indeed, Rousseau’s most striking characteristic is his originality. 172 He changed the thinking of Europe, having an impact on political theory, education, literature, ethics, ideas about the self and its relationship to nature, and much else. 173 These influences, together with his elevation of emotion and will above reason, make him the major precursor of the Romantic movement. 174 His early ‘Discourses’ offended the philosophes, while his two most famous works, Emile and The Social Contract (both 1762), outraged the authorities, particularly because of their.

Romeo and Juliet: Friar Lawrence is to Blame :: Romeo and Juliet Essays

Youth and Age Should Friar Lawrence and the Nurse have been more careful about the way they encouraged Romeo and Juliet’s love? To what extent does Shakespeare present them as being to blame? Throughout the play Romeo and Juliet were aided in their love. It was according to Romeo and Juliet love at first sight and with the help of Juliet’s closest companion the nurse and Friar Lawrence it was made possible for the lovers to exchange vows and continue their relationship behind the twos houses backs. The nurse plays a role in Juliet’s life ‘when it did taste the wormwood on the nipple’ we find out that Juliet’s and the nurse have ad a close and long term friendship with Juliet even feeding off her as a baby, this close relationship is important alter on in the play when the nurse betrays Juliet’s trust. The Nurse was a go between the two lovers so therefore was helping and encouraging the relationship. The nurse however was very careful in her encouragement and made sure that it was as secretive as it could be ‘I am the drudge, and toil in your delight’ here the nurse feels that she is doing right by being Juliet’s messenger but as we learnt at the beginning of the play in the prologue the lovers will end in disaster. ‘a pair of star crossed lovers take their lives’ this provides dramatic irony as we are aware that once they in love it will end in disaster. Friar Lawrence plays a very important role in the play between Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare has presented Friar Lawrence much to blame for the horrific ending of their lives. Not only was Friar Lawrence the brains behind the plan of getting them together after his banishment he was also the man who agreed to the marriage in the first place. ‘for doting, not loving, pupil mine’ Romeo holds a lot of respect for Friar Lawrence and he is a father figure towards him in the play. Friar Lawrence’s opinions therefore are considered by Romeo so therefore he should have been more careful in his decisions of marriage. Before agreeing to marry them both Lawrence had his suspicions that Romeo did not love Rosaline it was just lust, he therefore thought that this was the same case with Juliet. Shakespeare holds him to blame by allowing him to marry Juliet which causes all the problems and betrayal by easily believing that he loves Juliet.

Freakonomics Crime and Abortion Essay

Mohammed 2 egalized abortion would have been 50% more likely than average to live in poverty. † This statistic that researchers discovered reinforced the belief that if a woman did not want to have a child because of personal reasons or because she was not ready and if there was an abortion ban, the child would most likely grow up in a poor household and have a higher risk of engaging in criminal activity once they reached adulthood. It is reasoned that because abortion was legalized twenty years before, an entire generation of children with a higher risk of becoming criminals were not born and that’s why the crime rate dropped. The fallacy that is apparent when attempting to explain a crime drop with an abortion increase is that the two are simply correlated and not necessarily causal. The authors refute that claim by providing evidence that there is a link between abortion and crime. â€Å"Sure enough, the states with the highest abortion rates in the 1970s experienced the greatest crime drops in the 1990s, while states with lower abortion rates experienced smaller crime drops† (4). The evidence regarding state data is pretty compelling especially when put in the framework of post-Roe v. Wade and the generational gap that follows the Supreme Court decision. Although there seems to be a link between abortion and the crime rate, it all comes down to how a person’s own beliefs will influence them to interpret the data. Conclusions can be drawn to support different viewpoints and once the moral implications of abortion are taken into consideration, then it no longer becomes a logical argument. Works Cited Levitt, Steven D. Stephen J. Dubner. Freakonomics. New York, Harper Collins, 2005.